The three Asian species fight with their razor-sharp lower outer incisor teeth, not with their horns. Tigers rarely kill calves older than 1 year, so those Indian rhinoceroses that survive past that point are invulnerable to nonhuman predators. In this species tigers kill about 10–20 percent of calves. However, an Indian rhinoceros female will conceive again quickly if she loses her calf. Thus, the loss of a number of breeding-age females to poachers can greatly slow the recovery of rhinoceros populations. The period of birth between calves can range from 2 to 4.5 years. In rhinoceroses, females do not conceive until about six years of age gestation is long (16 months in most species), and they give birth to only one calf at a time. One of the features of very large body size in mammals is a low reproductive rate. Rhinoceroses are by far the largest of the perissodactyls, an order of hoofed mammals that also includes the horses and zebras. Rhinoceroses today are restricted to eastern and southern Africa and to subtropical and tropical Asia. Today the total population of all the rhinoceros species combined is probably fewer than 30,000. The precarious state of the surviving species (all but one are endangered) is in direct contrast to the early history of this group as one of the most successful lineages of hoofed mammals. sondaicus), and the Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) live in Asia. The white rhinoceros and the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) live in Africa, while the Indian rhinoceros, the Javan rhinoceros ( R. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species-the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum), which some divide into two species ( northern white rhinoceros and southern white rhinoceros ), and the Indian, or greater one-horned, rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis).
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Rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), plural rhinoceroses, rhinoceros, or rhinoceri, any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals.
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